{"id":4889,"date":"2026-07-24T10:31:04","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T10:31:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/?p=4889"},"modified":"2026-07-24T10:33:35","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T10:33:35","slug":"o-energetskoj-suverenosti-u-kontekstu-europske-unije","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/2026\/07\/24\/o-energetskoj-suverenosti-u-kontekstu-europske-unije\/","title":{"rendered":"O energetskoj suverenosti u  kontekstu Europske unije"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4889\" class=\"elementor elementor-4889\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-25102d11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"25102d11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ebc625\" data-id=\"7ebc625\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c5ec475 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4c5ec475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1281\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1281\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Hrvatski<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1282\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1282\" aria-expanded=\"false\">English<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1281\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Hrvatski<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1281\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1281\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p>Ivan Brodi\u0107<br \/>EnergyPress,Zagreb<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Vrlo je malo zemalja na svijetu, ako igdje i postoje, koje mogu re\u0107i kako su postigle energetsku suverenost. \u010cak i zemlje koje svoje prora\u010dune pune izvozom energenata, kao klju\u010dnog resursa globalnoga gospodarstva, bivaju prisiljene dio svoga energetskog miksa, zadovoljavati uvozom.<\/p><p>Tako, primjerice, energetski mo\u0107na Saudijska Arabija ovih dana dogovara nuklearni sporazum s SAD-om, te \u0107e biti ovisna o uvozu tehnologija i resursa za taj energetski sektor, Katar i Kuvajt ve\u0107 du\u017ee vremena, u pripremama za energetsku tranziciju, uvoze tehnologiju za obnovljive izvore energije s Dalekog istoka, a Rusija, uslijed ratnih djelovanja Ukrajine na njihovu infrastrukturu za preradu derivata, uvozi sve vi\u0161e derivata iz dvije najmnogoljudnije zemlje na svijetu \u2013 Kine i Indije.<\/p><p>Ako ne mo\u017eemo govoriti o energetskoj suverenosti, ratna zbivanja u Ukrajini, inicirana u velja\u010di 2022. godine, ali i sada\u0161nja kriza na Bliskom istoku, zatvaranje Perzijskog zaljeva i Crvenoga mora za prolaz trgovine energentima, pokazali su nam kako je nu\u017eno ozbiljno promisliti o energetskoj sigurnosti. Ona podrazumijeva vlastitu proizvodnju cijeloga spektra energetskog miksa, od ugljikovodika, preko vodika, sunca, vjetra, bioenergije pa sve do nuklearne energije.<\/p><p>Osim vlastite proizvodnje, energetska sigurnost podrazumijeva diverzifikaciju dobave energenata koji se domicilno ne uspiju eksploatirati iz \u0161to je vi\u0161e mogu\u0107ih pravaca. Klju\u010dno je ulaganje u infrastrukturu.<\/p><p>Osim, dakle istra\u017eivanja i eksploatacije ugljikovodika, potrebno nam je ulaganje u obnovljive izvore, hidroenergiju, sunce, vjetar, geotermalnu energiju&#8230;, ali i pobolj\u0161anje elektroenergetskih sustava, koji gotovo nigdje u EU nisu na visini zadatka, \u0161to pokazuju \u010desti ljetni blackoutovi. Hrvatski LNG terminal na Krku dobar je primjer prilagodbe, ali nu\u017ena su i ulaganja u pove\u0107anje kapaciteta i nove interkonekcije, kako kod plinovoda, tako i kod naftovoda, dalekovoda, ali i vodikovoda. Povratak nuklearnoj energiji tako\u0111er je jedna od sv vidljivijih potreba u cijeloj Europi.<\/p><p>Od kada smo, te 2022. godine, kroz dvadeset paketa sankcija Europske komisije i kolektivnog zapada, bolno postali svjesni kako smo se u prevelikom postotku izlo\u017eili jedno, ruskom, dobavnom pravcu energenata, uvidjelo smo kako kontrola nad energetskom sigurnosti nije samo pitanje sigurnosti opskrbe, nego i makroekonomske stabilnosti, konkurentnosti industrije i dugoro\u010dnog rasta.<\/p><p>Gospodarski bismo preveliku izlo\u017eenost jednom pravcu opskrbe energijom mogli ilustrirati definicijom \u2013 to je nevidljivi porezni teret. Kada cijene klju\u010dnih energenata za ku\u0107anstva i industriju bivaju, vi\u0161e ili manje, volatilne, nema cjenovne konkurencije i novac umjesto cirkulacije u doma\u0107em financijskom krvotoku, odlazi na jedno gotovo monopolno mjesto.<\/p><p>Tako je Europska unija, koja nikada u povijesti nije bila, a te\u0161ko je i da \u0107e biti, resursno samodostatna, do 2022. godine na uvoz iz prete\u017eito (ne\u0161to manje od 50 posto, ako govorimo o plinu, oko 30 posto ako govorimo o nafti i blizu 25 posto ugljena) jednoga smjera potro\u0161ila velike koli\u010dine novca, pod izlikom kako bu\u0161otine na istoku imaju ni\u017ei tro\u0161ak proizvodnje, umjesto ranije diversifikacije dobavnih pravaca i izvora energije za vlastitu industriju, \u0161to bi smanjilo ovisnost, ali i postiglo daljnju relaksaciju cijena. Dio toga novca zavr\u0161io je i u ratnoj ma\u0161ineriji, pokazalo se, za Europu, neprijateljskih re\u017eima.<\/p><p>Danas, nakon \u010detiri godine prilagodbe, udio uvoza ruske nafte sveden je na minimum nakon ratnih djelovanja ukrajinske vojske na naftovod Dru\u017eba, udio plina s vi\u0161e od 45 posto pao je na 12, nakon terminacije svih plinovoda osim Tursko-balkanskoga toka, s tendencijom daljnjeg pada, a uvoz ugljena iz Rusije, barem slu\u017ebeno, te\u017ei nuli.<\/p><p>No ra\u010dun za fosilna goriva i dalje optere\u0107uje bilancu pla\u0107anja. Svaki postotni bod smanjenja uvoza fosila izravno pobolj\u0161ava trgovinski saldo i ja\u010da te\u010daj. U\u0161teda na uvozu nije apstraktna \u2013 to je kapital koji ostaje u gospodarstvu, financira investicije i \u0161titi kupovnu mo\u0107.<\/p><p>Ipak, tranzicija prema ve\u0107oj energetskoj sigurnosti nije jeftina. Investicije u obnovljive izvore, mre\u017ee, skladi\u0161ta i, sve \u010de\u0161\u0107e, nuklearnu energiju zahtijevaju ogromne kapitalne izdatke. Procjene govore o tisu\u0107ama milijardi eura do 2030. godine. Ti tro\u0161kovi kratkoro\u010dno optere\u0107uju prora\u010dune i poduze\u0107a.<\/p><p>Izazov cijeni predstavlja i tiskanje novih tisu\u0107a milijardi dolara i euro kroz desetogodi\u0161nje nacionalne i prora\u010dune Europske unije, namijenjenih postizanju niskouglji\u010dnog gospodarstva, \u0161to se pokazao zna\u010dajan \u010dimbenik inflacije proteklih godina. Ali, rast javnih i privatnih ulaganja i smanjenje uvoza energenata moglo bi, prema mnogim makroekonomskim modelima, dovesti do multiplikativnih u\u010dinaka, poglavito u gra\u0111evinarstvu, industriji opreme i ulaganjima, i rasta BDP-a.<\/p><p>Me\u0111utim, klju\u010dna gospodarska korist zapravo le\u017ei u stabilnosti. Ve\u0107a samostalna proizvodnja energije i bolja diversifikacija uvoza, kao i \u0161iri energetski miks, smanjuje izlo\u017eenost cjenovnim i opskrbnim \u0161okovima, \u0161to \u010duva kupovnu mo\u0107 i smanjuje pritisak na sredi\u0161nje banke za podizanjem kamatnih stopa. Jo\u0161 je va\u017enije to \u0161to bi time europska industrija dobila predvidljivije ulazne cijene energenata, \u0161to je jedan od najve\u0107ih izazova europske industrije u odnosu na globalne konkurente \u2013 SAD, kinu, pa i Indiju. U tom smislu, ve\u0107a volatilnost cijena energenata postaje strukturna ko\u010dnica.<\/p><p>Umjesto zaklju\u010dka, valja re\u0107i kako se ovdje ne radi o populisti\u010dkoj i romanti\u010darskoj floskuli o energetskoj suverenosti, nego o hladnoj ra\u010dunici. Ve\u0107a proizvodnja, kvalitetnija infrastruktura, raznovrsnija diversifikacija i \u0161iri ekonomski miks dovode do pada cijena, njihove stabilizacije, manjeg odlijeva kapitala, ve\u0107eg BDP-a te ja\u010danja industrije kroz pove\u0107anje konkurentnosti. U svijetu gdje je opskrba energentima postala strate\u0161ko oru\u017eje, cijena ne\u010dinjenja je puno vi\u0161a od cijene djelovanja.<\/p><p>Ivan Brodi\u0107<\/p><p>EnergyPress, Zagreb<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1282\" aria-expanded=\"false\">English<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1282\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1282\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6>On energy sovereignty in the context of the European Union<\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Very few countries in the world can credibly claim to have achieved energy sovereignty. Even nations that fill their budgets through the export of energy resources\u2014the critical feedstock of the global economy\u2014are compelled to meet part of their energy mix through imports.<\/p><p>Saudi Arabia, for instance, is currently negotiating a nuclear agreement with the United States and will consequently become dependent on imported technologies and resources for that sector. Qatar and Kuwait have for some time been importing renewable-energy technology from the Far East as they prepare for the energy transition. Russia, following Ukrainian strikes on its refining infrastructure, is importing growing volumes of refined products from the world\u2019s two most populous nations\u2014China and India.<\/p><p>If true energy sovereignty remains elusive, the war in Ukraine\u2014initiated in February 2022\u2014and the current crisis in the Middle East, including the effective closure of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea to energy trade, have made clear that energy security must be treated as a strategic imperative. Energy security requires domestic production across the full spectrum of the energy mix\u2014from hydrocarbons and hydrogen through solar, wind, bioenergy and nuclear power. Equally essential is the diversification of supply routes for those energy sources that cannot be produced domestically, together with sustained investment in infrastructure.<\/p><p>Beyond exploration and production of hydrocarbons, substantial capital must be directed toward renewables\u2014hydropower, solar, wind and geothermal\u2014as well as toward the modernization of electricity systems that, almost everywhere in the European Union, remain inadequate, as frequent summer blackouts demonstrate. Croatia\u2019s LNG terminal on the island of Krk stands as a positive example of adaptation, yet further investment is required to expand capacity and build new interconnections for gas, oil, electricity and, increasingly, hydrogen. The return to nuclear power is likewise emerging as one of Europe\u2019s most visible strategic necessities.<\/p><p>Since 2022, through twenty successive packages of sanctions imposed by the European Commission and the collective West, Europe has been forced to confront the consequences of excessive dependence on a single\u2014Russian\u2014supply corridor. Control over energy security is no longer merely a question of supply reliability; it is a matter of macroeconomic stability, industrial competitiveness and long-term growth.<\/p><p>Economically, over-exposure to a single energy supply route can be described as an invisible tax burden. When prices of critical energy inputs for households and industry become volatile, price competition disappears and capital, instead of circulating within the domestic financial system, flows to a near-monopoly source. Until 2022 the European Union\u2014which has never been, and is unlikely ever to become, resource self-sufficient\u2014spent vast sums on imports originating predominantly from a single direction (just under 50 percent for gas, around 30 percent for oil and nearly 25 percent for coal), justified by the lower production costs of eastern wells. The alternative of earlier diversification of both supply routes and energy sources would have reduced dependence and exerted downward pressure on prices. A portion of those funds ultimately financed the war machinery of regimes hostile to Europe.<\/p><p>Today, after four years of adjustment, the share of Russian oil imports has been reduced to a minimum following Ukrainian strikes on the Druzhba pipeline; the share of Russian gas has fallen from more than 45 percent to approximately 12 percent after the termination of all pipelines except the Turkish Stream, with a clear downward trajectory; and official coal imports from Russia have approached zero.<\/p><p>Yet the bill for fossil fuels continues to weigh on the balance of payments. Every percentage-point reduction in fossil-fuel imports directly improves the trade balance and strengthens the currency. Savings on energy imports are not abstract: they represent capital that remains within the domestic economy, finances investment and protects purchasing power.<\/p><p>The transition toward greater energy security is nevertheless costly. Investments in renewables, grids, storage and, increasingly, nuclear capacity require enormous capital outlays\u2014estimates run into the trillions of euros by 2030. In the short term these costs burden both public budgets and corporate balance sheets. An additional price pressure arises from the printing of new thousands of billions of dollars and euros through decade-long national and EU budgets earmarked for the low-carbon transition\u2014an important contributor to the inflation of recent years. At the same time, rising public and private investment combined with lower energy import volumes can, according to many macroeconomic models, generate multiplier effects, particularly in construction, equipment manufacturing and related investment, thereby supporting GDP growth.<\/p><p>The decisive economic benefit, however, lies in stability. Greater domestic energy production, improved diversification of imports and a broader energy mix reduce exposure to price and supply shocks. This preserves purchasing power and lessens the pressure on central banks to raise interest rates. More importantly, European industry would gain more predictable energy input costs\u2014one of the greatest competitive disadvantages relative to the United States, China and even India. In this sense, elevated energy-price volatility has become a structural constraint on growth.<\/p><p>This is not a populist or romantic notion of energy sovereignty, but a cold calculation. Higher domestic production, higher-quality infrastructure, genuine diversification and a wider energy mix lead to lower and more stable prices, reduced capital outflow, stronger GDP growth and enhanced industrial competitiveness. In a world where energy supply has become a strategic weapon, the cost of inaction far exceeds the cost of action.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hrvatski English Hrvatski Ivan Brodi\u0107EnergyPress,Zagreb \u00a0 Vrlo je malo zemalja na svijetu, ako igdje i postoje, koje mogu re\u0107i kako [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4179,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energetska-suverenost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4889","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4889"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4889\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4894,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4889\/revisions\/4894"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4889"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4889"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4889"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}