{"id":4905,"date":"2026-07-24T10:48:13","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T10:48:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/?p=4905"},"modified":"2026-07-24T10:51:57","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T10:51:57","slug":"energija-kao-izvor-ekonomske-i-politicke-moci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/2026\/07\/24\/energija-kao-izvor-ekonomske-i-politicke-moci\/","title":{"rendered":"Geopolitika energije. Energija kao  izvor  ekonomske i politi\u010dke mo\u0107i"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4905\" class=\"elementor elementor-4905\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4dcfb67f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4dcfb67f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c329218\" data-id=\"2c329218\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-280af202 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"280af202\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Hrvatski<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">English<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Hrvatski<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p>Dr.sc. Jadranka Polovi\u0107<br \/>Sveu\u010dili\u0161te Libertas , Zagreb<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Pet mjeseci od napada Sjedinjenih Dr\u017eava i Izraela na Iran, Hormu\u0161ki tjesnac postao je klju\u010dno geostrate\u0161ko \u017eari\u0161te s izra\u017eenim posljedicama za globalno energetsko tr\u017ei\u0161te. Zatvaranje ovog strate\u0161kog pomorskog prolaza, kojim je do po\u010detka rata prolazila pribli\u017eno petina svjetske trgovine naftom i ukapljenog prirodnog plina (LNG), uzrokovalo je ozbiljne poreme\u0107aje u opskrbnim lancima te rezultirala naglim rastom cijena energenata. Rije\u010d je o vitalnoj pomorskoj arteriji kroz koju te\u010de transport energenata iz Perzijskog zaljeva prema Azijsko-pacifi\u010dkoj regiji, Europi i Sjevernoj Americi. Tjesnac, koji grani\u010di s obalama Irana, Omana i Ujedinjenih Arapskih Emirata, predstavlja jedini izlaz iz Perzijskog zaljeva prema otvorenim svjetskim morima, \u0161to mu daje status strate\u0161ke lokacije u globalnoj energetskoj infrastrukturi. Njegova ograni\u010dena \u0161irina (svega 39 kilometara) dodatno pove\u0107ava ranjivost na sigurnosne prijetnje \u0161to je postalo vidljivo tijekom uzajamnih vojnih napada sukobljenih strana koji su prouzro\u010dili znatna o\u0161te\u0107enja energetske infrastrukture, uklju\u010duju\u0107i naftovode, rafinerije i skladi\u0161ne kapacitete. Razmjeri nastale \u0161tete upu\u0107uju na dugotrajan proces obnove, \u0161to produljuje razdoblje nestabilnosti i neizvjesnosti na svjetskom energetskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu.<\/p><p>Dodatni rizik za stabilnost globalnog energetskog tr\u017ei\u0161ta predstavlja prijetnja jemenskih Huta o uvo\u0111enju pomorskog embarga protiv Saudijske Arabije. Takve mjere dodatno ugro\u017eavaju sigurnost opskrbe naftom i pove\u0107avaju neizvjesnost na me\u0111unarodnim energetskim tr\u017ei\u0161tima. Budu\u0107i da energija predstavlja temeljni proizvodni input za gotovo sve gospodarske sektore, rast cijena energenata izravno pove\u0107ava tro\u0161kove proizvodnje, prijevoza i distribucije robe i usluga. Stoga se posljedice energetskih kriza ne ograni\u010davaju isklju\u010divo na energetski sektor, ve\u0107 imaju \u0161ire makroekonomske u\u010dinke koji se odra\u017eavaju na inflaciju, gospodarski rast i stabilnost me\u0111unarodnih tr\u017ei\u0161ta. U tom kontekstu, postoje sna\u017eni argumenti koji upu\u0107uju na to da bi trenutna kriza mogla nadma\u0161iti sve prethodne, osobito zbog kombinacije geopoliti\u010dkih sukoba, fizi\u010dkog uni\u0161tenja infrastrukture i visoke ovisnosti suvremenog globalnog gospodarstva o stabilnim energetskim tokovima.<\/p><p>Naime, rusko-ukrajinski te bliskoisto\u010dni sukob proizvode kumulativni u\u010dinak vi\u0161e istodobnih \u010dimbenika koji ograni\u010davaju globalnu opskrbu energentima. Uz sankcije i ograni\u010denja iranskog pomorskog prometa, uzajamne napade na energetsku infrastrukturu u Iranu, u dr\u017eavama Perzijskog zaljeva i Rusiji te kontinuirane napade hutskih pobunjenika na brodski promet u Crvenom moru, dodatni pritisak proizlazi iz postupnog smanjenja raspolo\u017eivih zaliha nafte i prirodnog plina. Istodobno djelovanje ovih \u010dimbenika pove\u0107ava ranjivost globalnog energetskog sustava te produbljuje nestabilnost me\u0111unarodnih tr\u017ei\u0161ta.<\/p><p>Posljedice poreme\u0107aja na globalnim energetskim tr\u017ei\u0161tima prelijevaju se i na prehrambeni sektor, \u010dime energetska kriza prerasta u \u0161iri razvojni i humanitarni izazov. Eskalacija sukoba i geopoliti\u010dkih napetosti remeti me\u0111unarodne opskrbne lance, trgovinu energentima i dostupnost poljoprivrednih inputa, osobito goriva i gnojiva, \u0161to posljedi\u010dno pove\u0107ava tro\u0161kove proizvodnje i cijene hrane na svjetskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu. Prema upozorenjima Me\u0111unarodnog fonda za poljoprivredni razvoj (IFAD) i nalazima Ujedinjenih naroda, takvi poreme\u0107aji mogu dodatno pogor\u0161ati globalnu prehrambenu nesigurnost te pove\u0107ati broj stanovnika izlo\u017eenih gladi. Kriza hrane posljedi\u010dno produbljuje dru\u0161tvene i politi\u010dke nestabilnosti, stoga energetske i geopoliti\u010dke krize proizvode vi\u0161estruke gospodarske, socijalne i humanitarne posljedice koje nadilaze granice pojedinih dr\u017eava i regija.<\/p><p>Aktualna vojna eskalacija na Bliskom istoku dodatno nagla\u0161ava ranjivost globalnih opskrbnih lanaca, osobito zbog ugro\u017eavanja klju\u010dnih pomorskih pravaca poput Hormuza, Bab al-Mandaba te potencijalno i Sueskog kanala. Iako se posljedice sukoba naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e promatraju kroz rast cijena energenata, poreme\u0107aji u pomorskom prometu imaju znatno \u0161ire implikacije za me\u0111unarodnu trgovinu i sigurnost opskrbe budu\u0107i da je globalizacijski logisti\u010dki model bitno smanjio otpornost globalnih opskrbnih lanaca na geopoliti\u010dke \u0161okove koji su posljednjih godina postali realnost. Posljedi\u010dno, prekidi u prometu kroz strate\u0161ke pomorske prolaze osobito poga\u0111aju prijevoz poljoprivrednih proizvoda koji zbog kvarljivosti robe i ograni\u010denih logisti\u010dkih kapaciteta te\u0161ko podnose dugotrajnije zastoje. Time sigurnosne krize na klju\u010dnim pomorskim rutama prerastaju u gospodarski i humanitarni problem globalnih razmjera.<\/p><p>Kao odgovor na poreme\u0107aje u pomorskom prometu i blokade klju\u010dnih pomorskih pravaca, u politi\u010dkim i gospodarskim krugovima sve se \u010de\u0161\u0107e isti\u010de mogu\u0107nost preusmjeravanja me\u0111unarodne trgovine na alternativne kopnene prometne koridore. Posebna se pozornost pritom usmjerava na Transkaspijsku me\u0111unarodnu prometnu rutu (Trans-Caspian International Transport Route \u2013 TITR), poznatu i kao Srednji koridor (Middle Corridor), koja Kinu povezuje s Europom preko Kazahstana, Kaspijskog jezera, Azerbajd\u017eana, Gruzije i Turske. Stoga se u zapadnim politi\u010dkim krugovima ovaj prometni pravac \u010desto predstavlja kao odr\u017eiva alternativa tradicionalnim pomorskim rutama te kao potencijalni sigurnosni mehanizam za o\u010duvanje kontinuiteta me\u0111unarodne trgovine u razdobljima geopoliti\u010dkih kriza. (vi\u0161e vidjeti &#8211; A blockade at Hormuz, a crises for all humanity, by W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz, ASIA TIMES, July 19, 2026, dostupno na https:\/\/asiatimes.com\/2026\/07\/a-blockade-at-hormuz-a-crisis-for-all-humanity\/<\/p><p>Me\u0111utim, takva procjena zahtijeva kriti\u010dko razmatranje. Iako Srednji koridor mo\u017ee doprinijeti diversifikaciji prometnih pravaca i smanjenju ovisnosti o pojedinim pomorskim uskim grlima, njegovi infrastrukturni i operativni kapaciteti zasad nisu dostatni za preuzimanje opsega tereta koji se u normalnim okolnostima prevozi postoje\u0107im pomorskim rutama. Ograni\u010deni \u017eeljezni\u010dki kapaciteti, potreba za vi\u0161estrukim prekrcajem robe, administrativne prepreke na dr\u017eavnim granicama te logisti\u010dka koordinacija izme\u0111u ve\u0107eg broja dr\u017eava smanjuju u\u010dinkovitost i stabilnost ovog prometnog pravca. Stoga se Srednji koridor mo\u017ee promatrati kao va\u017ean za pove\u0107anja otpornosti globalnih opskrbnih lanaca, ali ne i kao potpuna zamjena za klju\u010dne pomorske rute u slu\u010daju dugotrajnih ili opse\u017enih poreme\u0107aja me\u0111unarodne trgovine.<\/p><p>U okolnostima eskalacije i ozbiljnijih poreme\u0107aja pomorskog prometa velik dio me\u0111unarodne trgovine preusmjerava se na obilaznu rutu oko afri\u010dkog kontinenta preko Rta dobre nade. Iako ovaj pravac omogu\u0107ava kontinuitet pomorskog prometa i raspola\u017ee znatno ve\u0107im kapacitetima od kopnenih alternativa, njegova uporaba zna\u010dajno pove\u0107ava trajanje i tro\u0161kove prijevoza. Preusmjeravanje brodova produ\u017eava plovidbu za pribli\u017eno 3 500 \u2013 4 000 nauti\u010dkih milja, odnosno za oko 10 do 14 dana, uz istodobno pove\u0107anje potro\u0161nje goriva i operativnih tro\u0161kova prijevoza za pribli\u017eno jednu tre\u0107inu. Takvi logisti\u010dki tro\u0161kovi imaju posebno izra\u017een nepovoljan u\u010dinak na robu niske profitne mar\u017ee, poput \u017eitarica i drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda, budu\u0107i da prijevoznici raspola\u017eu ograni\u010denim mogu\u0107nostima apsorbiranja dodatnih tro\u0161kova. Posljedi\u010dno se bitno pove\u0107ani tro\u0161kovi transporta prenose du\u017e cijelog opskrbnog lanca na veleprodajne i maloprodajne cijene hrane. Time poreme\u0107aji u pomorskim rutama ne utje\u010du samo na u\u010dinkovitost me\u0111unarodne trgovine, nego i na rast cijena hrane, sigurnost opskrbe te dostupnost osnovnih prehrambenih proizvoda, osobito u dr\u017eavama koje ovise o uvozu i me\u0111unarodnoj humanitarnoj pomo\u0107i.<\/p><p>Zanimljivo je i spomenuti da glavni \u201eprofiter\u201c trenutnih geopoliti\u010dkih kriza jesu SAD koje su postale najve\u0107i svjetski izvoznik nafte, prestigav\u0161i \u200b\u200bdugogodi\u0161nju dominaciju Saudijske Arabije i Rusije, koje su tu poziciju dr\u017eale desetlje\u0107ima. Ova promjena ja\u010da utjecaj ameri\u010dkih energetskih tvrtki na globalnom tr\u017ei\u0161tu budu\u0107i da sukob izme\u0111u Washingtona i Irana mijenja kartu globalne trgovine energijom. Ovaj razvoj doga\u0111aja ozna\u010dava veliku promjenu za Sjedinjene Dr\u017eave, koje su desetlje\u0107ima ovisile o opskrbi naftom s Bliskog istoka. (izvor: US overtaken Saudi Arabia and Russia as world\u2019s largest oil exporter, by Lisa Monica, Abyan Rai Fauzan, June 12, 2026 6:30 AM IDN FINANCIALS, dostupno na https:\/\/www.idnfinancials.com\/news\/64698\/us-overtaken-saudi-arabia-and-russia-as-worlds-largest-oil-exporter<\/p><p>Zaklju\u010dno, pomorska sigurnost predstavlja znatno vi\u0161e od pitanja u\u010dinkovitosti me\u0111unarodne trgovine \u2013 ona je jedan od klju\u010dnih preduvjeta globalne energetske, prehrambene, ali i humanitarne sigurnosti. U\u010destali poreme\u0107aji na strate\u0161kim pomorskim pravcima potvr\u0111uju da postoje\u0107i me\u0111unarodni mehanizmi (me\u0111unarodno pravo, me\u0111unarodne organizacije\u2026) nisu opremljeni za krizno upravljanje te su vidljivo nedjelotvorni u za\u0161titi kriti\u010dnih opskrbnih lanaca u uvjetima dva velika geopoliti\u010dka sukoba. Upravo zbog golemih ekonomskih profita koje proizvodi ratna ekonomija nema interesa da se zaustavi ni jedan od ovih ratova. Diplomacija, kao temeljni instrument me\u0111unarodne sigurnosti, prakti\u010dki je nestala iz javnog diskursa, dok je sve vidljiviji konsenzus oko daljnje militarizacije me\u0111unarodnih odnosa. Zbog \u010dega se rat sve vi\u0161e tretira kao prihvatljiv, pa \u010dak i po\u017eeljan instrument ostvarivanja geopoliti\u010dkih ciljeva.<\/p><p>Ipak, rasprava o ad hoc, a zatim i dugoro\u010dnim institucionalnim rje\u0161enjima usmjerenim na pove\u0107anje otpornosti globalnih logisti\u010dkih sustava je neophodna. Kako se navodi u gore spomenutom tekstu, jedna od mogu\u0107ih mjera jest uspostava me\u0111unarodno priznatih i pravno za\u0161ti\u0107enih demilitariziranih tranzitnih zona (Plavih koridora) za civilne trgova\u010dke brodove koji prevoze hranu i druge osnovne potrep\u0161tine kroz podru\u010dja zahva\u0107ena sukobima. Takav bi pristup pridonio odvajanju humanitarne i prehrambene opskrbe od geopoliti\u010dkih i vojnih interesa te osna\u017eio primjenu me\u0111unarodnog humanitarnog prava u za\u0161titi civilnog pomorskog prometa.<\/p><p>U kona\u010dnici, aktualna zbivanja na Bliskom istoku jasno nam ukazuju na \u010dinjenicu da dugoro\u010dna stabilnost me\u0111unarodnog sustava ne mo\u017ee po\u010divati isklju\u010divo na gospodarskoj u\u010dinkovitosti globalnih opskrbnih lanaca, ali ni na sirovoj demonstraciji vojne mo\u0107i. Odr\u017eiva sigurnost zahtijeva otpornije logisti\u010dke mre\u017ee, u\u010dinkovitiju me\u0111unarodnu suradnju i ja\u010danje pravnih mehanizama koji \u0107e osigurati kontinuitet opskrbe klju\u010dnim resursima \u010dak i u uvjetima oru\u017eanih sukoba. Ako je to uop\u0107e jo\u0161 uvijek mogu\u0107e!<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">English<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Dr. Jadranka Polovi\u0107<br \/>Libertas University, Zagreb<\/p><h6>Geopolitics of Energy. Energy as a Source of Economic and Political Power<\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><br \/>Five months after the United States and Israel launched military strikes against Iran, the Strait of Hormuz has become a key geostrategic hotspot with significant consequences for the global energy market. The closure of this strategic maritime chokepoint, through which approximately one-fifth of the world&#8217;s oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade passed before the outbreak of the war, has caused severe disruptions to global supply chains and resulted in a sharp increase in energy prices. It is a vital maritime artery through which energy resources from the Persian Gulf are transported to the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and North America. Bordered by Iran, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates, the Strait constitutes the only maritime outlet from the Persian Gulf to the open seas, giving it a strategically indispensable role within the global energy infrastructure. Its limited width\u2014only 39 kilometers\u2014further increases its vulnerability to security threats, a fact that became evident during the reciprocal military attacks between the warring parties, which caused extensive damage to energy infrastructure, including oil pipelines, refineries, and storage facilities. The scale of the destruction indicates that reconstruction will be a long-term process, prolonging the period of instability and uncertainty in the global energy market.<\/p><p>An additional risk to the stability of the global energy market is posed by the threat of the Yemeni Houthis to impose a maritime embargo on Saudi Arabia. Such measures further jeopardize the security of oil supplies and increase uncertainty in international energy markets. Since energy is a fundamental input for virtually all sectors of the economy, rising energy prices directly increase the costs of production, transportation, and the distribution of goods and services. Consequently, the effects of energy crises are not confined to the energy sector alone but have broader macroeconomic implications, affecting inflation, economic growth, and the stability of international markets. In this context, there are compelling reasons to believe that the current crisis could surpass all previous ones, particularly due to the combination of geopolitical conflicts, the physical destruction of critical infrastructure, and the high dependence of the modern global economy on stable energy flows.<\/p><p>The Russo-Ukrainian conflict and the conflict in the Middle East together produce a cumulative effect through multiple simultaneous factors that constrain the global supply of energy resources. In addition to sanctions and restrictions on Iranian maritime traffic, reciprocal attacks on energy infrastructure in Iran, the Persian Gulf states, and Russia, as well as the continued attacks by Houthi rebels on commercial shipping in the Red Sea, further pressure stems from the gradual depletion of available oil and natural gas reserves. The combined impact of these factors increases the vulnerability of the global energy system and further exacerbates instability in international energy markets.<\/p><p>The consequences of disruptions in global energy markets also spill over into the food sector, transforming the energy crisis into a broader developmental and humanitarian challenge. The escalation of armed conflicts and geopolitical tensions disrupts international supply chains, energy trade, and the availability of key agricultural inputs, particularly fuel and fertilizers, thereby increasing production costs and driving up global food prices. According to warnings issued by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and findings published by the United Nations, such disruptions may further exacerbate global food insecurity and increase the number of people exposed to hunger. The resulting food crisis, in turn, deepens social and political instability. Consequently, energy and geopolitical crises generate far-reaching economic, social, and humanitarian consequences that extend well beyond the borders of individual states and regions.<\/p><p>The current military escalation in the Middle East further highlights the vulnerability of global supply chains, particularly due to the threats facing key maritime routes such as the Strait of Hormuz, the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, and potentially the Suez Canal. Although the consequences of the conflict are most commonly viewed through the lens of rising energy prices, disruptions to maritime transport have far broader implications for international trade and supply security. This is because the globalization-driven logistics model has significantly reduced the resilience of global supply chains to geopolitical shocks, which have become an increasingly frequent reality in recent years. Consequently, disruptions to traffic through these strategic maritime chokepoints have a particularly severe impact on the transportation of agricultural products, as the perishable nature of such goods and limited logistical capacity make them especially vulnerable to prolonged delays. As a result, security crises affecting key maritime routes evolve into economic and humanitarian challenges of global significance.<\/p><p>In response to disruptions in maritime transport and the blockade of key sea routes, policymakers and business leaders have increasingly emphasized the potential of redirecting international trade to alternative overland transport corridors. Particular attention has been given to the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), also known as the Middle Corridor, which connects China with Europe via Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and T\u00fcrkiye. Consequently, this transport corridor is frequently presented in Western policy circles as a viable alternative to traditional maritime routes and as a potential security mechanism for preserving the continuity of international trade during periods of geopolitical crisis. (For more details see &#8211; A blockade at Hormuz, a crises for all humanity, by W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz, ASIA TIMES, July 19, 2026, dostupno na https:\/\/asiatimes.com\/2026\/07\/a-blockade-at-hormuz-a-crisis-for-all-humanity\/<\/p><p>However, such an assessment requires critical examination. Although the Middle Corridor can contribute to the diversification of transport routes and reduce dependence on specific maritime chokepoints, its current infrastructure and operational capacity are insufficient to accommodate the volume of cargo that is normally transported via existing sea routes. Limited railway capacity, the need for multiple cargo transshipments, administrative barriers at international borders, and the logistical coordination required among several countries all reduce the efficiency and reliability of this transport corridor. Therefore, while the Middle Corridor can be regarded as an important instrument for enhancing the resilience of global supply chains, it cannot yet serve as a full substitute for key maritime routes in the event of prolonged or large-scale disruptions to international trade.<\/p><p>In the event of further escalation and more severe disruptions to maritime transport, a substantial share of international trade is redirected via the alternative route around the African continent through the Cape of Good Hope. Although this route ensures the continuity of maritime shipping and offers significantly greater capacity than overland alternatives, its use substantially increases both transit times and transportation costs. Diverting vessels extends voyages by approximately 3,500\u20134,000 nautical miles, or roughly 10 to 14 days, while simultaneously increasing fuel consumption and operational shipping costs by approximately one-third. These additional logistical costs have a particularly adverse impact on low-margin commodities such as grains and other agricultural products, as carriers have only limited capacity to absorb the higher expenses. Consequently, the significantly increased transportation costs are passed along the entire supply chain, ultimately raising wholesale and retail food prices. As a result, disruptions to maritime routes affect not only the efficiency of international trade but also food prices, supply security, and the availability of essential food products, particularly in countries that depend heavily on imports and international humanitarian assistance.<\/p><p>It is also noteworthy that one of the principal beneficiaries of the current geopolitical crises is the United States, which has become the world&#8217;s largest oil exporter, surpassing the long-standing dominance of Saudi Arabia and Russia, both of which held this position for decades. This shift has strengthened the influence of American energy companies in the global market, as the conflict between Washington and Iran continues to reshape the global energy trade. This development marks a profound transformation for the United States, which for decades relied heavily on oil supplies from the Middle East. (Source: US overtaken Saudi Arabia and Russia as world\u2019s largest oil exporter, by Lisa Monica, Abyan Rai Fauzan, June 12, 2026 6:30 AM IDN FINANCIALS, dostupno na https:\/\/www.idnfinancials.com\/news\/64698\/us-overtaken-saudi-arabia-and-russia-as-worlds-largest-oil-exporter<\/p><p>In conclusion, maritime security represents far more than a matter of ensuring the efficiency of international trade\u2014it is one of the fundamental prerequisites for global energy, food, and humanitarian security. The growing frequency of disruptions along strategic maritime routes demonstrates that existing international mechanisms\u2014including international law and international organizations\u2014are inadequately equipped for effective crisis management and have proven largely ineffective in safeguarding critical supply chains amid two major geopolitical conflicts. At the same time, the enormous economic profits generated by the wartime economy have reduced incentives to bring either of these conflicts to an end. Diplomacy, once regarded as the primary instrument of international security, has virtually disappeared from public discourse, while an increasingly broad consensus appears to favor the further militarization of international relations. As a result, war is increasingly being treated as an acceptable\u2014and, in some cases, even desirable\u2014instrument for the pursuit of geopolitical objectives<\/p><p>Nevertheless, a discussion of both ad hoc and long-term institutional solutions aimed at enhancing the resilience of global logistics systems is indispensable. As noted in the previously mentioned article, one possible measure is the establishment of internationally recognized and legally protected demilitarized transit zones (&#8220;Blue Corridors&#8221;) for civilian merchant vessels transporting food and other essential goods through conflict-affected areas. Such an approach would help separate humanitarian and food supply operations from geopolitical and military interests while strengthening the application of international humanitarian law in protecting civilian maritime traffic.<\/p><p>Ultimately, the current developments in the Middle East clearly demonstrate that the long-term stability of the international system cannot rest solely on the economic efficiency of global supply chains, nor on the sheer demonstration of military power. Sustainable security requires more resilient logistics networks, more effective international cooperation, and stronger legal mechanisms capable of ensuring the uninterrupted supply of critical resources even under conditions of armed conflict. If that is still possible at all!<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hrvatski English Hrvatski Dr.sc. Jadranka Polovi\u0107Sveu\u010dili\u0161te Libertas , Zagreb \u00a0 Pet mjeseci od napada Sjedinjenih Dr\u017eava i Izraela na Iran, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energetska-suverenost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4905","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4905"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4905\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4913,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4905\/revisions\/4913"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}