{"id":4927,"date":"2026-07-24T11:11:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T11:11:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/?p=4927"},"modified":"2026-07-24T11:15:55","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T11:15:55","slug":"energetska-suverenost-eu-i-polozaj-hrvatske","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/2026\/07\/24\/energetska-suverenost-eu-i-polozaj-hrvatske\/","title":{"rendered":"Energetska suverenost EU i polo\u017eaj Hrvatske"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4927\" class=\"elementor elementor-4927\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17c95c2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17c95c2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a8705d\" data-id=\"4a8705d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a43d328 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7a43d328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Hrvatski<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">English<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Hrvatski<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p>Prof.dr.sc. Sa\u0161a \u017dikovi\u0107<br \/>Institute Digital Assets, Bucharest\u00a0Academy\u00a0of\u00a0Economic\u00a0Studies,\u00a0Romania<br \/>Pan-European University, European Centre for Business Research, Czech Republic<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Energetska suverenost EU vi\u0161e se ne mo\u017ee svesti na pitanje sigurnosti opskrbe plinom ili smanjenja ovisnosti o ruskim ili ameri\u010dkim energentima. Nakon energetskog \u0161oka, ubrzane de karbonizacije i sna\u017enog rasta potra\u017enje za elektri\u010dnom energijom, pojam suverenosti dobiva \u0161ire zna\u010denje. On danas obuhva\u0107a sposobnost EU da sama ili barem pod uvjetima koje mo\u017ee strate\u0161ki kontrolirati, proizvodi, prenosi, skladi\u0161ti i dugoro\u010dno ugovara cjenovno dostupne, predvidive i relativno \u010diste energente. Ovo nije poziv na energetsku izolaciju, nego na smanjenje ranjivosti jer EU ne smije zamijeniti ovisnost o fosilnim gorivima novom ovisno\u0161\u0107u o uvezenim tehnologijama, baterijama, solarnim komponentama, kriti\u010dnim sirovinama ili tu\u0111im industrijskim platformama.<\/p><p>Politi\u010dki ciljevi EU-a do 2030. izrazito su ambiciozni, udio OIE trebao bi dosegnuti najmanje 42,5%, uz aspiracijsku razinu od 45%, a finalna potro\u0161nja energije trebala bi se smanjiti za 11,7%. Istodobno se sna\u017eno poti\u010de elektrifikacija prometa, grijanja, industrije i dijela proizvodnje vodika. Upravo ovo stvara kontradikciju europske tranzicije: cilj je smanjiti ukupnu energetsku i emisijsku intenzivnost, ali \u0107e se strate\u0161ka va\u017enost elektri\u010dne energije pove\u0107avati. Elektri\u010dna vozila, dizalice topline, podatkovni centri, umjetna inteligencija, elektroliza tori i nova industrijska postrojenja zahtijevaju pouzdanu i cjenovno konkurentnu 24\/7 elektri\u010dnu energiju.<\/p><p>Zato energetska suverenost sve vi\u0161e postaje elektroenergetska suverenost, a najve\u0107e europsko ograni\u010denje pritom nisu ciljevi, koji su uvijek grandiozni, nego fizi\u010dka infrastruktura. Procjene o potrebnim ulaganjima u mre\u017ee do 2030. mjere se stotinama milijardi eura, a velik dio distribucijskih mre\u017ea stariji je od 40 godina. Posljednja velika elektrifikacija u Europi provedena je nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, u doba druk\u010dije industrijske strukture, druk\u010dijih potro\u0161a\u010dkih obrazaca i centraliziranijeg elektroenergetskog sustava. Dana\u0161nja tranzicija nije samo izgradnja novih vjetroelektrana, solarnih elektrana, baterijskih spremnika ili interkonekcija. Ona je istodobno i duboka rekonstrukcija postoje\u0107ih mre\u017ea, proizvodnih objekata, transformatorskih stanica, distribucijskih sustava i upravlja\u010dke infrastrukture. Bez te obnove novi izvori ostaju ograni\u010deni kapacitetom priklju\u010denja, a politi\u010dka ambicija ne prelazi u stvarnu energetsku sigurnost.<\/p><p>OIE ostaju sredi\u0161nji stup europske dekarbonizacije,\u00a0\u00a0PV i vjetar pokazali su izniman rast kapaciteta i pad tro\u0161kova proizvodnje ali njihova strate\u0161ka vrijednost ne ovisi samo o instaliranim megavatima, nego o sposobnosti sustava da tu energiju preuzme, prenese, pohrani i koristi onda kada je potrebna. Varijabilna proizvodnja zahtijeva mre\u017ee, fleksibilnost, baterije, upravljanje potro\u0161njom, prekograni\u010dne kapacitete i stabilne izvore koji mogu osigurati pouzdanost. Upravo se ovdje vidi razlika izme\u0111u energetske tranzicije kao statisti\u010dkog pove\u0107anja kapaciteta i energetske tranzicije kao funkcionalnog elektroenergetskog sustava.<\/p><p>Usporedba s Kinom i SAD-om pokazuje da se globalna utakmica ne vodi samo oko emisija, nego oko industrijske sposobnosti. Kina ima prednost skale, brzine izvedbe i kontrole nad velikim dijelom opskrbnih lanaca za solarne panele, baterije i povezane komponente. SAD se oslanja na kapital, inovacije, porezne poticaje i sna\u017enu potra\u017enju novih sektora, npr. podatkovnih centara i digitalne ekonomije. EU ima in\u017eenjersku tradiciju, regulacijsku snagu i razvijena tr\u017ei\u0161ta, ali \u010desto gubi vrijeme u fragmentiranim procedurama, sporim dozvolama i neujedna\u010denim nacionalnim politikama.<\/p><p>Ako europska tranzicija bude po\u010divala na uvozu klju\u010dnih tehnologija, EU \u0107e smanjiti jednu vrstu energetske ovisnosti, ali \u0107e otvoriti drugu, jo\u0161 opasniju, tehnolo\u0161ku i industrijsku. Baterijski spremnici, nuklearna energija i industrijski lanci vrijednosti iz ovog razloga postaju neizostavni dio rasprave o suverenosti. Baterije vi\u0161e nisu samo pomo\u0107na tehnologija za pohranu energije, nego klju\u010dna infrastruktura za sustave s visokim udjelom solara i vjetra. Njihova uloga je ubla\u017eiti dnevne neravnote\u017ee, smanjiti zagu\u0161enja, pru\u017eiti pomo\u0107ne usluge mre\u017ei i pove\u0107ati vrijednost OIE, no proizvodnja baterija sna\u017eno je koncentrirana u Kini. EU zato mora razvijati vlastite kapacitete, ali i realno sagledati da baterijska suverenost ne zna\u010di samo finalnu proizvodnju, nego dostupnost sirovina i njihove obrade, komponenti, recikliranja, znanja, energije i kapitala.<\/p><p>Nuklearna energija se na velika vrata vra\u0107a kao pitanje stabilne nisko uglji\u010dne snage. Ona nije suprotnost OIE, nego osiguranje pouzdanosti u sustavu u kojem varijabilni izvori brzo rastu. Industrija, bolnice, \u017eeljeznice, podatkovni centri, obrambena infrastruktura i dio proizvodnje vodika ne trebaju samo jeftinu energiju u odre\u0111enim satima, nego dugoro\u010dno dostupnu i stabilnu energiju. Velike nuklearne elektrane, postoje\u0107a flota i potencijalni SMR projekti zato sve vi\u0161e ulaze u raspravu o europskoj industrijskoj politici. SMR-ovi ne\u0107e rije\u0161iti bilancu u 2030-ima, ali mogu postati va\u017ena platforma nakon 2030-e, osobito za industrijske klastere, zamjenu ugljenokopa i proizvodnju procesne topline.<\/p><p>Energetska karta EU zbog toga se sve vi\u0161e pretvara u kartu industrijskih ulaganja. Kapital \u0107e se kretati prema regijama koje mogu ponuditi kombinaciju \u010diste energije, stabilnih izvora, mre\u017ene povezanosti, logisti\u010dkih centara, dozvola i dugoro\u010dnih ugovora. Sjeverno more ima potencijal offshore vjetra, interkonekcija i vodika. Nordijske zemlje imaju hidroenergiju, nuklearnu energiju, hladnu klimu i prostor za energetski intenzivne projekte. Francuska raspola\u017ee nuklearnom bazom, Benelux lukama i kemijskim klasterima, a \u0160panjolska velikim solarnim potencijalom i LNG infrastrukturom. Srednja i Isto\u010dna Europa imaju industrijsku bazu, ali i izazov izlaska iz ugljena, modernizacije mre\u017ea i izgradnje stabilnih zamjenskih kapaciteta. Pobjednici ne\u0107e biti oni s najambicioznijim planovima, nego oni koji najbr\u017ee pretvore energiju u investicijsku prednost.<\/p><p>Hrvatska potro\u0161nja i industrijska baza nisu usporedive s velikim dr\u017eavama \u010dlanicama, ali njezin geografski polo\u017eaj i postoje\u0107a infrastruktura daju joj specifi\u010dnu vrijednost. LNG terminal na Krku ve\u0107 je pokazao da hrvatska infrastruktura mo\u017ee imati regionalno zna\u010denje za sigurnost opskrbe. Povezano\u0161\u0107u prema Sloveniji, Ma\u0111arskoj i \u0161iroj srednjoj Europi, Krk nije samo nacionalni projekt, nego dio jadransko-mediteranskog energetskog koridora. U budu\u0107nosti se ta logika mo\u017ee pro\u0161iriti i na nisko uglji\u010dne plinove, vodik, pomorske opskrbne pravce i logisti\u010dku ulogu luka sjevernog Jadrana.<\/p><p>Va\u017ena hrvatska prednost nalazi se i u kombinaciji hidroenergetike tradicije, solarnog potencijala, vjetra i blizine srednjoeuropskih tr\u017ei\u0161ta. No ta prednost ne\u0107e imati punu vrijednost bez mre\u017ee. Hrvatska mora ulagati u prijenosnu i distribucijsku infrastrukturu, digitalizaciju sustava, baterijske spremnike, fleksibilnost potro\u0161nje i bolju povezanost energetskih i industrijskih zona. Klju\u010dno pitanje nije samo koliko nove snage mo\u017ee biti instalirano, nego koliko ih sustav mo\u017ee sigurno integrirati. Ako mre\u017ea, dozvole i skladi\u0161tenje budu usko grlo, potencijal OIE ostat \u0107e slabo\u00a0\u00a0iskori\u0161ten. Rijeka, Kvarner, LNG Krk, jadranske luke, prometni koridori i blizina srednje Europe mogu biti temelj za privla\u010denje ulaganja koja tra\u017ee sigurnu energiju, logistiku i regionalni doseg. Hrvatska ne\u0107e postati europski energetski centar po koli\u010dinama, ali mo\u017ee postati strate\u0161ki \u010dvor tj. mjesto povezivanja energetskih tokova, luka, industrijskih zona i regionalnih tr\u017ei\u0161ta. To je realisti\u010dnija ambicija od kopiranja strategija velikih dr\u017eava jer za malu zemlju va\u017enije je odabrati ni\u0161e u kojima geografski polo\u017eaj, infrastruktura i politi\u010dka stabilnost stvaraju dodanu vrijednost.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">English<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Prof.dr.sc. Sa\u0161a \u017dikovi\u0107<br \/>Institute Digital Assets, Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania<br \/>Pan-European University, European Centre for Business Research, Czech Republic<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6>EU Energy Sovereignty and the Position of Croatia<\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>EU energy sovereignty can no longer be reduced to the issue of security of gas supply or reducing dependence on Russian or American energy sources. After the energy shock, accelerated decarbonization and strong growth in electricity demand, the concept of sovereignty has acquired a broader meaning. Today, it encompasses the EU&#8217;s ability to produce, transport, store and contract affordable, predictable and relatively clean energy sources on its own, or at least under conditions that it can strategically control. This is not a call for energy isolation, but rather for reducing vulnerability, as the EU must not replace its dependence on fossil fuels with a new dependence on imported technologies, batteries, solar components, critical raw materials or foreign industrial platforms.<\/p><p>The EU&#8217;s political goals for 2030 are extremely ambitious: the share of RES should reach at least 42.5%, with an aspirational level of 45%, and final energy consumption should be reduced by 11.7%. At the same time, the electrification of transport, heating, industry and some hydrogen production is being strongly encouraged. This is precisely what creates a contradiction in the European transition: the goal is to reduce overall energy and emission intensity, but the strategic importance of electricity will increase. Electric vehicles, heat pumps, data centers, artificial intelligence, electrolyzers and new industrial plants require reliable and price-competitive 24\/7 electricity. That is why energy sovereignty is increasingly becoming electricity sovereignty, and the biggest European constraint is not the goals, which are always grandiose, but the physical infrastructure. Estimates of the necessary investments in networks by 2030 are measured in hundreds of billions of euros, and a large part of the distribution networks are more than 40 years old.<\/p><p>The last major electrification in Europe was carried out after the Second World War, in an era of a different industrial structure, different consumption patterns and a more centralized electricity system. Today&#8217;s transition is not just about building new wind farms, solar power plants, battery storage tanks or interconnections. It is also a deep reconstruction of existing networks, production facilities, transformer stations, distribution systems and control infrastructure.<\/p><p>Without this renewal, new sources remain limited by connection capacity, and political ambition does not translate into real energy security. RES remain the central pillar of European decarbonization, PV and wind have shown exceptional capacity growth and falling production costs, but their strategic value does not depend only on installed megawatts, but on the system&#8217;s ability to capture, transmit, store and use this energy when needed. Variable production requires networks, flexibility, batteries, demand management, cross-border capacities and stable sources that can ensure reliability.<\/p><p>This is precisely where the difference between the energy transition as a statistical increase in capacity and the energy transition as a functional electricity system can be seen. A comparison with China and the USA shows that the global competition is not only about emissions, but about industrial capability. China has the advantage of scale, speed of execution and control over a large part of the supply chains for solar panels, batteries and related components. The US relies on capital, innovation, tax incentives and strong demand from new sectors, such as data centres and the digital economy.<\/p><p>The EU has an engineering tradition, regulatory power and developed markets, but often loses time in fragmented procedures, slow permits and uneven national policies. If Europe\u2019s transition is based on importing key technologies, the EU will reduce one type of energy dependency, but will open up another, even more dangerous, technological and industrial one. Battery storage, nuclear energy and industrial value chains are therefore becoming an indispensable part of the sovereignty debate. Batteries are no longer just an auxiliary technology for energy storage, but key infrastructure for systems with a high share of solar and wind. Their role is to smooth out daily imbalances, reduce congestion, provide ancillary services to the grid and increase the value of RES, but battery production is heavily concentrated in China. The EU must therefore develop its own capacities, but also realistically see that battery sovereignty does not only mean final production, but also the availability of raw materials and their processing, components, recycling, knowledge, energy and capital.<\/p><p>Nuclear energy is making a comeback as a stable, low-carbon power source. It is not the opposite of renewable energy, but rather a way to ensure reliability in a system where variable sources are rapidly increasing. Industry, hospitals, railways, data centres, defence infrastructure and some hydrogen production do not just need cheap energy at certain times of the day, but also long-term, available and stable energy. Large nuclear power plants, the existing fleet and potential SMR projects are therefore increasingly entering the debate on European industrial policy.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hrvatski English Hrvatski Prof.dr.sc. Sa\u0161a \u017dikovi\u0107Institute Digital Assets, Bucharest\u00a0Academy\u00a0of\u00a0Economic\u00a0Studies,\u00a0RomaniaPan-European University, European Centre for Business Research, Czech Republic \u00a0 Energetska suverenost [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4144,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energetska-suverenost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4927","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4927"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4927\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4934,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4927\/revisions\/4934"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4144"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4927"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4927"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/interenef.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4927"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}