1.Što je energetska suverenost?

Energetska suverenost predstavlja sposobnost države da zadovolji svoje energetske potrebe primarno iz vlastitih izvora primarne energije ili kroz samostalnu proizvodnju, minimizirajući ovisnost o uvozu i vanjskim šokovima. Ona se prepliće s pojmovima energetske sigurnosti i samodostatnosti, naglašavajući neometanu opskrbu energentima poput fosilnih goriva, obnovljivih izvora i nuklearne energije za gospodarski razvoj i nacionalnu stabilnost. Geopolitički aspekt uključuje diversifikaciju izvora, razvoj obnovljivih energija i zaštitne mjere protiv geopolitičkih rizika poput ovisnosti o Rusiji. EU promiče energetsku suverenost kroz politiku konkurentnosti, sigurnosti opskrbe i klimatsku neutralnost, s fokusom na obnovljive izvore i energetske zajednice građana koje omogućuju lokalnu proizvodnju i dijeljenje energije.

2.Kad se prvi put javlja pojam energetska suverenost i tko ga je skovao?

Pojam “energetska suverenost” nije precizno datiran na jedan trenutak ili autora kao klasični politički termini poput opće suverenosti (skovane od Jeana Bodina 1576. u djelu Six livres de la république), već se javlja u suvremenom kontekstu, posebice nakon 2000-ih, kao proširenje energetske sigurnosti na ideju samodostatnosti i političke neovisnosti. On se povezuje s pokretima za obnovljive izvore i decentralizaciju, gdje se prvi detaljni opisi pojavljuju u aktivističkim dokumentima poput “Defining Energy Sovereignty” iz 2014., naglašavajući pravo zajednica na odluke o energiji bez korporativne ovisnosti.​

3.Energetska suverenost kao dio nacionalne sigurnosti država?

Energetska suverenost čini ključnu sastavnicu nacionalne sigurnosti država jer osigurava neometanu opskrbu energentima po prihvatljivim cijenama, minimizirajući geopolitičke rizike ovisnosti o vanjskim dobavljačima i štiteći suverenitet, gospodarski razvoj te obrambene sposobnosti.

4.Koja je sveza energetske i prehrambene suverenosti?

Energetska i prehrambena suverenost povezane su kao dvije ključne dimenzije nacionalne otpornosti u eri de globalizacije, gdje se obje nastoje osigurati domaćom proizvodnjom i smanjenjem ovisnosti o globalnim lancima opskrbe, često kroz zajedničke geopolitičke i strateške okvire.

5. Tko su akteri promicanja energetske suverenosti?

**Europska komisija** glavni je akter promicanja energetske suverenosti u EU, koordinirajući politike sigurne opskrbe, diversifikacije izvora i obnovljivih energija kroz inicijative poput REPowerEU i Energetske unije za smanjenje ovisnosti o uvozu. Podržava regulative za energetsku učinkovitost, OIE i de karbonizaciju, utječući na fondove i ciljeve neutralnosti do 2050. Akteri promicanja energetske suverenosti Republike Hrvatske uključuju vladu, regulatorna tijela, energetske kompanije i međunarodne partnere koji rade na diversifikaciji izvora, razvoju OIE i infrastrukturi poput LNG terminala na Krku.​

6.Koje organizacije promiču ideju energetske suverenosti?

ACER (Agencija za suradnju regulatornih tijela za energiju)**: Koordinira tržište, inter konekcije i sigurnost opskrbe unutar Energetske unije. Međunarodne i stručne organizacije**Solar Power Europe i REGEA**: Zagovaraju ulaganja u solarne i vjetroenergije za europsku neovisnost i otpornost na krize.

7. Energetska suverenost u energetskim politikama Republike Hrvatske i Europske unije?

Energetska suverenost integralna je energetskim politikama Republike Hrvatske i Europske unije, naglašavajući smanjenje uvozne ovisnosti kroz diverzifikaciju izvora, razvoj OIE i infrastrukturu za otpornost na krize.​ Energetska unija EU (od 2015., REPowerEU 2022./2025.) osiguravaju sigurnu, pristupačnu i zelenu energiju kroz zajedničku nabavu, Inter konekcije i 66 GW novih solarnih kapaciteta 2024., s ciljem neutralnosti do 2050. Europska komisija koordinira s EIB-om za učinkovitost i ACER-om za tržište, podržavajući Hrvatsku kao dio šireg plana de karbonizacije.

8.Energetska suverenost u doba de globalizacije i nove geopolitike energije?

Energetska suverenost u doba de globalizacije označava strateški pomak prema nacionalnoj samodostatnosti u opskrbi energijom, smanjujući ovisnost o globalnim lancima i geopolitičkim rizicima poput ruskih fosilnih goriva kroz diversifikaciju, OIE i domaću infrastrukturu.​Hrvatska jača suverenost LNG-terminalom na Krku, proširenjem nuklearne elektrane Krško i ulaganjima u solarnu , vjetru i hidroenergiju (42,5% OIE u Q1 2025.), ciljajući na 49 milijardi eura u tranziciju do 2030. za regionalni hub status unutar Inicijative triju mora.​

9. Ključni strategijski dokumenti na temu energetske suverenosti?

REPowerEU. Plan (Europska komisija, svibanj 2022., ažuriran 2025.) glavni je programski tekst za energetsku suverenost, ciljajući potpunu neovisnost od ruske energije kroz uštede, OIE (600 GW do 2030.) i diverzifikaciju opskrbe za otpornost na krize.​

Hrvatski dokumenti.Strategija energetskog razvoja RH do 2030. (NN 25/2020): Definira ciljeve samodostatnosti (36-44% domaće proizvodnje), LNG, nuklearnu energiju i OIE za smanjenje uvoza.​

Nacionalni plan za energiju i klimu (NECP): Planira 49 milijardi eura ulaganja u tranziciju, baterijsku pohranu i mrežne interkonekcije za regionalnu ulogu.​

EU dokumenti.Plan za potpunu neovisnost o ruskoj energiji (svibanj 2025.): Postupno ukidanje ruskog plina, nafte i nuklearne energije uz stabilne cijene i Green Deal integraciju.​Desetogodišnji plan razvoja prijenosne mreže (HERA 2025.): Povećanje OIE kapaciteta za smanjenje fosilne ovisnosti i stabilnost sustava.​

10.Ključne knjige na temu energetske suverenosti

Europska energetska neovisnost kroz ulaganja u obnovljive izvore energije – Temelj slobode” (Julije Domac i suradnici, 2025.)** ključna je hrvatska knjiga koja pozicionira energetsku suverenost kao preduvjet nacionalne sigurnosti i otpornosti, naglašavajući decentralizirane OIE sustave, lokalne zajednice i europsko vodstvo u tranziciji kroz devet poglavlja s analizama i studijama slučaja.

Hrvatske i regionalne publikacije. Budućnost hrvatske energetike zelena je… i američka” (VAL grupa)**: Analizira zeleni put Hrvatske prema samodostatnosti, ističući hidroenergiju i strateške partnerstva za stabilnost. Bijela knjiga – Analiza i podloge za Strategiju energetskog razvoja RH” (MINGO, autori poput A. Kojakovića)**: Temelji nacionalnu politiku suverenosti kroz diversifikaciju i OIE.

Globalni i europski tekstovi. Energetska sigurnost: novi izazov europske vanjske politike” (Richard Youngs). Sveobuhvatna analiza EU vanjskopolitičkih dimenzija energetske neovisnosti i geopolitičkih rizika.

[Analiza energetskih politika” (Michael Hamilton): Razmatra ograničenja nacionalnih politika (cijene, okoliš, rizici) u kontekstu suverenosti.

Izvor:AI Gemini

Anđelko Milardović (ed.)

Gemini AI (ed.)

Sociological interview with artificial intelligence on the meaning of the concept “energy sovereignty”

1. What is energy sovereignty?

Energy sovereignty represents the state’s ability to meet its energy needs primarily from its own sources of primary energy or through independent production, minimizing dependence on imports and external shocks. It intertwines with the concepts of energy security and self-sufficiency, emphasizing the uninterrupted supply of energy sources such as fossil fuels, renewable sources and nuclear energy for economic development and national stability. The geopolitical aspect includes diversification of sources, development of renewable energies and safeguards against geopolitical risks such as dependence on Russia. The EU promotes energy sovereignty through the policy of competitiveness, security of supply and climate neutrality, with a focus on renewable sources and energy communities of citizens that enable local energy production and sharing.

2. When did the term energy sovereignty first appear and who coined it?

The term “energy sovereignty” is not precisely dated to a single moment or author like classical political terms such as general sovereignty (coined by Jean Bodin in 1576 in Six livres de la république), but has emerged in a contemporary context, especially after the 2000s, as an extension of energy security to the idea of ​​self-sufficiency and political independence. It is associated with the renewable energy and decentralization movements, where the first detailed descriptions appear in activist documents such as “Defining Energy Sovereignty” from 2014, emphasizing the right of communities to make energy decisions without corporate dependence.

3. Energy sovereignty as part of the national security of states?

Energy sovereignty constitutes a key component of the national security of states because it ensures an uninterrupted supply of energy at acceptable prices, minimizing the geopolitical risks of dependence on external suppliers and protecting sovereignty, economic development and defense capabilities.

4. What is the connection between energy and food sovereignty?

Energy and food sovereignty are linked as two key dimensions of national resilience in an era of de-globalization, where both seek to ensure domestic production and reduce dependence on global supply chains, often through common geopolitical and strategic frameworks.

5. Who are the actors promoting energy sovereignty?

**The European Commission** is the main actor promoting energy sovereignty in the EU, coordinating policies for security of supply, diversification of sources and renewable energies through initiatives such as REPowerEU and the Energy Union to reduce import dependence. It supports regulations for energy efficiency, RES and decarbonization, influencing funds and neutrality goals by 2050. Actors promoting energy sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia include the government, regulatory bodies, energy companies and international partners working on diversification of sources, development of RES and infrastructure such as the LNG terminal on Krk.

6. Which organizations promote the idea of ​​energy sovereignty?

ACER (Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulatory Authorities) : Coordinates the market, interconnections and security of supply within the Energy Union. International and professional organizations.

Solar Power Europe and REGEA: Advocate investments in solar and wind energy for European independence and crisis resilience.

7. Energy sovereignty in the energy policies of the Republic of Croatia and the European Union?

Energy sovereignty is integral to the energy policies of the Republic of Croatia and the European Union, emphasizing the reduction of import dependence through diversification of sources, development of RES and infrastructure for crisis resistance. The EU Energy Union (since 2015, REPowerEU 2022/2025) ensures secure, affordable and green energy through joint procurement, Interconnections and 66 GW of new solar capacity in 2024, with the goal of neutrality by 2050. The European Commission is coordinating with the EIB for efficiency and ACER for the market, supporting Croatia as part of a wider decarbonisation plan.

8. Energy sovereignty in the age of de globalization and new energy geopolitics?

Energy sovereignty in the age of globalization marks a strategic shift towards national self-sufficiency in energy supply, reducing dependence on global chains and geopolitical risks such as Russian fossil fuels through diversification, RES and domestic infrastructure.

Croatia is strengthening its sovereignty with the LNG terminal on Krk, the expansion of the Krško nuclear power plant, and investments in solar, wind and hydropower (42.5% of RES in Q1 2025), aiming at 49 billion euros in transition until 2030 for regional hub status within the Three Seas Initiative.

9. Key strategic documents on the topic of energy sovereignty?

The REPowerEU Plan (European Commission, May 2022, updated in 2025) is the main program text for energy sovereignty, targeting complete independence from Russian energy through savings, RES (600 GW by 2030) and diversification of supply for crisis resistance. Croatian documents. Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia until 2030 (OG 25/2020): Defines self-sufficiency goals (36-44% domestic production), LNG, nuclear energy and RES to reduce imports.

National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP): Plans 49 billion euros of investment in transition, battery storage and network interconnections for a regional role.

EU documents. Plan for complete independence from Russian energy (May 2025): Phase out of Russian gas, oil and nuclear energy with stable prices and Green Deal integration. Ten-year transmission network development plan (HERA 2025): Increasing RES capacity to reduce fossil dependence and system stability.

10.Key books on energy sovereignty

European Energy Independence through Investment in Renewable Energy Sources – The Foundation of Freedom (Julije Domac et al., 2025) is a key Croatian book that positions energy sovereignty as a prerequisite for national security and resilience, emphasizing decentralized RES systems, local communities, and European leadership in transition through nine chapters with analyses and case studies.

Croatian and regional publications. The Future of Croatian Energy is Green… and American” (VAL Group)**: Analyzes Croatia’s green path towards self-sufficiency, emphasizing hydropower and strategic partnerships for stability.

White Paper – Analysis and Basis for the Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia” (MINGO, authors such as A. Kojaković). Establishes a national policy of sovereignty through diversification and RES.

Global and European texts. Energy Security: A New Challenge for European Foreign Policy” (Richard Youngs) : Comprehensive analysis of the EU’s foreign policy dimensions of energy independence and geopolitical risks.

Analysis of energy policies” (Michael Hamilton): Considers the constraints of national policies (prices, environment, risks) in the context of sovereignty.

Source: AI Gemini