Prof.dr.sc. Gojko Nikolić, dipl. ing.

Zagreb

Suvremena strategija razvoja napredne države

Suvremena strategija razvoja napredne države, u ovim nesigurnim svjetskim vremenima, zbog ratova, klimatskih promjena, te porasta ukupnog stanovništva Zemlje, ističe nekoliko osnovnih ciljeva koje je nužno ostvariti. Mnoge zemlje pogađa rat u Ukrajini jer je ona i veliki proizvođač i izvoznik žita, a i druga ratna žarišta utječu na svjetsku ekonomsku stabilnost. Sve zemlje pogađaju izrazite klimatske promjene sa stalnim i sve većim povećanjem temperature, koja među ostalim najviše utječe na poljoprivredu. Uz to se očekuje porast stanovništva Zemlje i potreba za povećanom proizvodnjom hrane. U takvim uvjetima za sigurnost i stabilnost zemlje potrebno je stanovništvu osigurati dovoljno vlastite proizvodnje hrane, vlastitih izvora energije, vode, a zbog mogućeg rata i dovoljno streljiva. 

U Hrvatskoj nažalost do sada to nisu bili prioriteti, niti su se oni sagledavali kao takvi. Imamo neiskorištene i zapuštene velike poljoprivredne površine, dobar dio prehrambene industrije je nestao privatizacijom. Hrvatska ima na sreću dovoljno vode, ali ona je osim za piće, nužna i za sustave za navodnjavanja, kojih bi trebalo biti znatno više, zbog sve težih klimatskih uvjeta i učestalih suša. Uz to u poljoprivredi su, kao uostalom u cijelom gospodarstvu, razvojem znanosti i tehnike, prisutni brojni novi trendovi i uvjeti rada kojima se ostvaruje veća proizvodnost i bolja kvaliteta, a koje je nužno primijeniti. To je šansa za razvoj domaće poljoprivrede.

Novi koncept kružnog gospodarstva

Među njima je i novi koncept kružnog gospodarstva  po kojem se sva istrošena roba ponovo vraća u proizvodnju i obnavlja. Neiskorišteni dio ili proizvodni otpad se reciklira u neškodljivi materijal za okoliš ili se ponovo koristi u procesu proizvodnje. Sav organski otpad se pretvara u kompost za ponovno korištenje u poljoprivredi. [1] Kružno gospodarstvo označava se i kao koncept 4R (Repair– popraviti, Reuse– ponovo upotrijebiti, Remanufacture– preraditi za ponovnu proizvodnju, te Recycle – reciklirati). Ovome su naknadno, dodani pojmovi označeni s XR koje se odnose na stavove kupaca i njihovi zahtjevi za proizvodima. [2] U Hrvatskoj nije usvojen 4R-koncept niti su razrađeni dugoročni planovi za njegovo ostvarenje. Zato imamo afere sa smećem koje se gomila uz sve gradove i još uz to se nerazumno ilegalno uvozi i opasni otpad koji je problematičan ne samo za recikliranje već i neutraliziranje. U Europi spalionice smeća su i u gradovima, a tehnologija rada onemogućuje bilo kakvo zagađivanje okoliša.

Zahvati u kružnom gospodarstvu povećavaju i zaposlenost. Za svakih 10.000 t otpada, ako se spaljuje, otvoriti će se jedno radno mjesto, a 36 radnih mjesta ako se otpad mehanički reciklira. Najveći je dobitak kada se otpad ponovo iskorištava, tada se otvara još 296 radnih mjesta. Ta radna mjesta nazivaju se Zeleni i Ekološki poslovi (Green Jobs, Environmental Jobs). Procjenjuje se da bi se u EU do 2030. po toj osnovi otvorilo 700.000 novih radnih mjesta. Ključni preduvjet za implementaciju kružnog gospodarstva smatra se digitalizacija, automatizirani tehnički uređaji i novi procesi rada (umjetna inteligencija, umrežavanje, roboti i sl.). [2, 3]

Povećanje stanovništva Zemlje. Demografski izazovi

Povećanje stanovništva Zemlje, utjecati će da poljoprivreda treba podmiriti rastuće potrebe, uz istovremeno smanjenje pritiska na resurse. Vremenski uvjeti i prirodne katastrofe biti će sve ekstremnije, kao i sve veća potreba za pitkom vodom. Biti će nužno povećati obradivo zemljište. Moderniziranjem poljoprivrede, primjenom novih robotskih sustava, omogućiti će se optimalno iskorištavanje obradivog zemljišta, optimalna upotreba gnojiva i pesticida, te potpuno automatsko uništavanje korova. Primjenom tih brojnih novih tehničkih rješenja i opreme, čitav će poljoprivredni sektor uskoro biti neprepoznatljiv za prethodne generacije. [4]

Novi koncepti procesa proizvodnje

Novi koncepti procesa proizvodnje, koji su zahvatili i poljoprivredu, nazvani su industrijskim, iako se ne odnose se samo na nju, već i na sve ljudske djelatnosti. Danas su u primjeni koncepti od 4.0 do najnovijeg 6.0 koji se temelje na digitalizaciji, AI i robotizaciji procesa rada. Primjenjuju se u skoro svim područjima ljudskih djelatnosti od industrije do medicine.  

Koncepti ind. 4.0 i 5.0, počeli su se implementirati i u poljoprivredu. Utjecaj u poljoprivredi imaju i kupci sa svojim željama o poljoprivrednim proizvodima, od vrste proizvoda, veličine, izgleda, ukusa i boje. 

Mijenja se način rada, ne samo kod velikih poljoprivrednih proizvodnih sustava, već i kod malih poljoprivrednika. Primjenom novih tehnologija – uključujući AI, blockchain, dronove, robote i druge automatizirane sustave – ostvariti će se povećanje prinosa, niži troškovi, te smanjiti loš utjecaja na okoliš. Očekuju se i nove inovacije u procesu proizvodnje i asortimana uz povećanje otpornost na ekstremne klimatske promjene koje nastaju zagrijavanjem Zemlje. 

O primjeni umjetne inteligencije i modelu „trostruke uzvojnice“

Uz nezaobilaznu primijenjenu umjetne inteligencije, dodaju se i zahtjevi daljnjeg nastavka provođenja koncepta kružne ekonomije i brojnih ekoloških zahtjeva. Jedna od karakteristika biti će i održivost okoliša. Temeljiti će se na načelima ekološke prakse, učinkovitosti resursa i tehnologije zelene proizvodnje. Cilj je smanjenje i optimiziranje potrošnje energije kao i smanjenje otpada, te promicanje ekološki prihvatljivih materijala tijekom životnog ciklusa proizvoda. Obnovljivi izvori energije imat će značajnu ulogu, postupno zamjenjujući fosilna goriva. 

Korištenje novih tehničkih rješenja, poput kvantnog računalstva, nanotehnologije, umjetne inteligencije i dr. olakšati će projektiranja i uspostavljanja procesa proizvodnje. [5, 6]

Kao što je u industriji „Pametna tvornica“, tako i „Suvremeni poljoprivredni subjekt“ po konceptu ind. 4.0, treba biti povezan s područjima opskrbe, distribucije, bankama, državnom upravom, inovacijskim subjektima i obrazovnim institucijama (slika 2). Ta je međuovisnost prikazana tzv. „Modelom trostruke uzvojnice“ (Triple Helix Model) koja označava odnos između sveučilišta, poljoprivrede, industrije i vlade. Model trostruke uzvojnice pokrenuli su još 1990. Etzkowitz i Leydesdorf u društvu znanja. U ovom slučaju, gospodarski razvoj leži u istaknutoj ulozi sveučilišta, poljoprivredne industrije, te vlade stvaranjem novih institucionalnih i društvenih okvira za proizvodnju, prijenos i primjenu znanja  [5]

Nijedna gospodarska aktivnost nije izolirana od društvenih promjena i utjecaja, ukupnog razvoja tehnike, znanosti i obrazovanja. Inovacije, unapređenje poslovanja i gospodarstva trebali bi nastajati na sveučilištima i u proizvodnim subjektima, te poticajima vlade, koja mora imati dugoročnu suvremenu strategiju razvoja. Promptno se treba reagirati na promjenjive zahtjeve tržišta, kooperacijske procese, zakonske i financijske promjene, kao i potrebe za obrazovanjem stručnjaka s novim znanjima. [8. 9]

Izazovi modernizacije

Kod svake modernizacije postavljaju se uvijek dva pitanja: utječe li ona na smanjenje radne snage i traži li nova znanja i vještine. Njemačka je napravila istraživanja kod uvođenja koncepta ind. 4.0 i ustanovili deset ključnih tehnoloških čimbenika koji utječu na zaposlenost u industriji i potrebnu stručnost za obavljanje tih poslova. Načela su danas postala univerzalna i mogu se koristiti i u poljoprivredi. Odnose se na utjecaj uvedene digitalizacije i informatizacije, te automatizacije svih procesa u gospodarskom subjektu. Interesantan je stav da će se automatizirani strojevi, odnosno roboti iznajmljivati, te će za njegov ispravan rad i održavanje biti odgovoran vlasnik. Sigurno će ovi navedeni čimbenici imati utjecaja na proces proizvodnje i broj zaposlenika u poljoprivredi, ali i njihova znanja i vještine. Utjecati će na razradu budućih nastavnih programa kako bi se zadovoljile potrebe. Očekuje se da će se do 2030. promijeniti 39% ključnih vještina potrebnih tržištu rada. Sve više se traži cjeloživotno učenje, usavršavanje, a također i prekvalifikacija prema potrebama radnog mjesta.[15]

Svjetski gospodarski forum  o robotizaciji

Svjetski gospodarski forum u izvještaju o budućnosti radnih mjesta za 2025. godinu najavio je da će robotizacijom biti izgubljeno 92 milijuna radnih mjesta. U ovom desetljeću prema tom izvješću stvoriti će se novih 170 milijuna radnih mjesta, što je oko 14% današnjih. To je potaknuto tehnološkim razvojem, zelenom tranzicijom te ekonomskim i demografskim promjenama. Obzirom na gubitak radnih mjesta robotizacijom, ostaje 78 milijuna novo otvorenih radnih mjesta. Bitno je koja su to radna mjesta i u kojim područjima, te koje vještine i znanje moraju posjedovati.

Istraživanja su provedena anketiranjem 1000 najvećih poslodavaca diljem svijeta koji predstavljaju 22 industrijska klastera s više od 14 milijuna radnika. Za očekivati je da je dio vezan za brzi napredak umjetne inteligencije za koju se traže stručnjaci. Tražiti će se osim stručnjaka za velike podatke (big data), još i tzv. fintech inženjeri koji spajaju znanje računalnih znanosti i financija. Ustanovljeno je 15 profesija koja će zabilježiti najveći rast. 

Najveći rast zaposlenosti se predviđa u poljoprivredi. Razlog su zelena tranzicija, napori za smanjenje emisije ugljika i prilagođavanje sve izrazitijim klimatskim promjenama. Stvoriti će se 34 milijuna novih radnih mjesta, čime će se povećati postojećih 200 milijuna poljoprivrednika. Potom slijedi porast potrebe za vozačima dostavnih vozila, softverskim inženjerima, građevinskim radnicima i prodavačima u trgovinama. Doći će također do potrebe povećanje broja radnih mjesta u preradi hrane, opskrbi, te medicinskih sestara, socijalnih radnika i savjetodavnih stručnjaka. Uzrok ovih povećanih potreba je i starenja stanovništva. [10, 15] 

O  novim tehničko-tehnološkim procesima i strojevima u poljoprivredi

Da bi se dobio uvid o kojim se novim tehničko-tehnološkim procesima i strojevima u poljoprivredi radi, navesti će se samo nekoliko koji će dati mali uvid u mogućnosti tih novih robotskih uređaja. Za poljoprivredu je važno dobro, točno i vrlo precizno prikupljanja podataka o poljoprivrednim površinama. Ta snimanja se obavljaju dronovima s vrlo preciznim kamerama Canon S100 s odgovarajućim filterima. Na prikazanim fotografijama različite su zelene boje biljaka. Dio njih reflektira znatno više svjetlosti u bližem infracrvenom području (NIR-engl. Near-Infrared – blisko infracrveno zračenje) zbog spužvastog sloja koji se nalazi na stražnjoj strani lista. To je biološki odvod topline, jer NIR fotoni nisu dovoljno energetski aktivni za pokretanje fotosinteze, a uzrokovali bi i zagrijavanje biljke. Kod snimke polja s indeksom razlike vegetacije DVI (Difference Vegetation Indeks – različiti indeksi vegetacije) visoka gustoća vegetacije prikazuje se zelenom bojom, slaba crvenom, a tamo gdje nema vegetacije crnom bojom. Iako izgleda homogeno, snimka različitim bojama ukazuje na heterogenost. Zelenom bojom označen je kukuruz visok do pojasa čovjeka, a crvenom, odnosno žutom, samo do gležnja ili koljena. Bez ovih slika, poljoprivrednik bi ravnomjerno primijenio jednaku količinu gnojiva na cijelo polje. Slike mu omogućuju da na problematična područja primjeni odgovarajuću veću količinu gnojiva čime bi osigurao povećanje prinosa. [11]

Doba dronova i potrebne tehnološke vještine u poljoprivredi

Dronovi koji se koriste u poljoprivredi pregledom polja ustanovljavaju primaju li biljke dovoljno vlage, gnojiva, te ima li oštećenja od raznih štetnika. Također, kod primjene herbicida važna je točna količina i vrijeme tretiranja. Dronovi kao i posebni roboti mogu nadgledati stada domaćih životinja puštenih na ispašu u prirodu, zamijetiti bolesna grla, a mogu i jata perad štiti od napada ptica grabljivica pomoću lasera.  Brojni roboti namijenjeni su za uništavanje dugotrajnih korova laserskim zrakom, za branje zrelih različitih plodova, za obrezivanje loze i brojne duge radove. Prisutna AI prepoznaje objekte i daje nalog za akciju. [12, 13, 14]

Potrebne tehnološke vještine do 2030. biti će značajnije od bilo koje druge vještine ili procesa rada. AI i obrada velikog broja podataka su na vrhu popisa, ali slijede mreže i kibernetska sigurnost, te tehnološka pismenost .Nužno je kreativno razmišljanje i otpornost, fleksibilnost i agilnost uz znatiželju i cjeloživotno učenje. Biti će važna i pomoć radnicima da postignu pravu kombinaciju tehničkih i ljudskih vještina za ostvarivanja i primjenu tih inovativnih procesa. [15]

Reference:

[1] Circular economy, Wikipedia en., dostupno na https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy, objavljeno 31.3.2021.

[2] Nikolić G. (2021.): Kružno gospodarstvo traži drugačiji način razmišljanja i promjenu navika, ZG-magazin, Ljudi i mišljenja, dostupno na https://zg-magazin.com.hr/kruzno-gospodarstvo-trazi-drugaciji-nacin-razmisljanja-i-promjenu-navika/, objavljeno 26.5.2021.

[3] Srića V. (2018.): Kružno gospodarstvo, Problemi i izazovi, SmartInfoTrend 210/2018/Q1, strana 36-43, dostupno na http://www.infotrend.hr/UserFiles/file/listanje/210/36/index.html#zoom=z

[4] Nijhuis S., Herrmann I. (2019.): The fourth industrial revolution in agriculture, dostupno na https://www.strategy-business.com/article/The-fourth-industrial-revolution-in-agriculture?gko=75733, objavljeno 10.10.2019.

[5] Yadav R., Arora S., Dhull S. (2022.): A path way to Industrial Revolution 6.0, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering ISSN: 0974-5823, dostupno na: https://kalaharijournals.com/resources/161-180/IJME_Vol7.1_178.pdf, objavljeno 1.1.2022.

[6] Almusaed A., Yitmen I., Almssad  A. (2023.): Reviewing and Integrating AEC Practices into Industry 6.0: Strategies for Smart and Sustainable Future-Built Environments, dostupno na https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/18/13464, objavljeno 8.9.2023.

[7] Duggal A.S., Malik P.K., Gehlot A., Singh R., Gaba G.S., Masud M., Al-Amri F.J. (2021.): A sequential roadmap to Industry 6.0: Exploring future manufacturing trends, dostupno na https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12284, objavljeno 7.10.2021.

[8] Nikolić G. (2018.): Industrija 4.0 i obrazovani sustav, OpenInfoTrend 207/3/2018, 28-36

[9] Diwan P. (2017.): Is Education 4.0 an imperative for success of 4th Industrial Revolution? dostupno na: https://medium.com/@pdiwan/is-education-4-0-an-imperative-for-success-of-4th-industrial-revolution-50c31451e8a4, objavljeno 5.8.2017.

[10] Izvješće o budućnosti poslova 2025.: Poslovi budućnosti – i vještine potrebne za njihovo dobivanje, dostupno na: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/future-of-jobs-report-2025-jobs-of-the-future-and-the-skills-you-need-to-get-them/, objavljeno 8.1.2025.

[11] Gardy E. (2014.): The Agribotix Guide to Drones in Agriculture, dostupno na: https://news.sparkfun.com/1537, objavljeno 9.7.2014.

[12] Most popular agricultural drones, dostupno na: https://kas32.com/en/post/view/554?srsltid=AfmBOoq83FDCR27iwpTR24PUTHOowFpjpq4CSIq8bvVrvlgdr4HKGcld, pristup 21.2.2026.

[13] Böni S. (2020.): Landwirtschaft 4.0 durch Robotik, dostupno na: https://www.maschinenmarkt.ch/landwirtschaft-40-durch-robotik-a-899259/, objavljeno 28.1.2020.

[14] Ša’aban J.: How drones are helping farmers manage livestock, dostupno na https://www.linkedin.com/posts/yusuf-sha-aban-1442946_agtech-drones-smartfarming-activity-7320763324676145155-oA_N, pristup 18.2.2026.

[15] Till L. (2025.): Future of Jobs Report 2025: The jobs of the future – and the skills you need to get them, Word economic forum, dostupno na: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/future-of-jobs-report-2025-jobs-of-the-future-and-the-skills-you-need-to-get-them/, objavljeno 8.1.2025. 

Prof. Ph.D.Sc. Gojko Nikolić, B.Sc. Eng.

Zagreb

Food self-sufficiency is essential for national sovereignty

Modern strategy for the development of an advanced state

The modern strategy for the development of an advanced state , in these uncertain world times, due to wars, climate change, and the increase in the total population of the Earth, highlights several basic goals that must be achieved. Many countries are affected by the war in Ukraine because it is both a major producer and exporter of grain, and other war zones also affect global economic stability. All countries are affected by significant climate change with a constant and increasing increase in temperature, which, among other things, affects agriculture the most. In addition, the Earth’s population is expected to grow and the need for increased food production is expected. In such conditions, for the security and stability of the country, it is necessary to ensure the population has enough of its own food production, its own energy sources, water, and, due to a possible war, enough ammunition.

in Croatia , these have not been priorities so far, nor have they been seen as such. We have unused and neglected large agricultural areas, a good part of the food industry has disappeared through privatization. Fortunately, Croatia has enough water, but in addition to drinking water, it is also necessary for irrigation systems, of which there should be significantly more, due to increasingly difficult climatic conditions and frequent droughts. In addition, in agriculture , as in the entire economy, with the development of science and technology, there are numerous new trends and working conditions that achieve higher productivity and better quality, and which must be implemented. This is an opportunity for the development of domestic agriculture.

The new concept of the circular economy

Among them is the new concept of the circular economy. according to which all used goods are returned to production and renewed. The unused part or production waste is recycled into environmentally friendly material or reused in the production process. All organic waste is turned into compost for reuse in agriculture. [1] The circular economy is also referred to as the 4R concept ( Repair , Reuse , Remanufacture , and Recycle ). To this, terms marked with XR were subsequently added which relate to customer attitudes and their product requirements. [2] In Croatia, the 4R-concept has not been adopted, nor have long-term plans for its implementation been developed. That’s why we have affairs with garbage that piles up in all cities, and in addition to that, dangerous waste is unreasonably illegally imported, which is problematic not only for recycling, but also for neutralization. In Europe, garbage incinerators are also in cities, and the technology of work prevents any pollution of the environment .

Circular economy interventions also increase employment . For every 10,000 tons of waste, if incinerated, one job will be created. one workplace, and 36 workplaces if the waste is mechanically recycled. The biggest gain is when the waste is reused, then 296 more jobs are created. These jobs are called Green and Environmental Jobs . It is estimated that 700,000 new jobs would be created in the EU by 2030 on this basis. Digitization, automated technical devices and new work processes are considered key prerequisites for the implementation of the circular economy (artificial intelligence, networking, robots, etc.). [2, 3]

Earth’s population growth. Demographic challenges

The increase in the Earth’s population will mean that agriculture will have to meet growing needs, while at the same time reducing pressure on resources. Weather conditions and natural disasters will become more extreme, as will the need for drinking water. It will be necessary to increase arable land. By modernizing agriculture, The application of new robotic systems will enable optimal use of arable land, optimal use of fertilizers and pesticides, and fully automatic weed control. With the application of these numerous new technical solutions and equipment, the entire agricultural sector will soon be unrecognizable to previous generations. [4]

New concepts of the production process

The new concepts of the production process, which affected agriculture as well, were called industrial, although they do not only refer to it, but also to all human activities. Today, concepts from 4.0 to the latest 6.0 are in use, which are based on digitization, AI and robotization of the work process. They are applied in almost all areas of human activity, from industry to medicine.  

Concepts of ind. 4.0 and 5.0, started to be implemented in agriculture . Customers also have an influence in agriculture with their wishes about agricultural products, from the type of product, size, appearance, taste and color.

The way we work is changing, not only in large agricultural production systems , but also in small farmers. The application of new technologies – including AI, blockchain , drones, robots and other automated systems – will increase yields, lower costs, and reduce environmental impact. New innovations in the production process and assortment are also expected, along with increased resilience to extreme climate changes caused by global warming.

On the application of artificial intelligence and the “triple helix” model

In addition to the inevitable application of artificial intelligence , there are also requirements for the further implementation of the circular economy concept and numerous environmental requirements. One of the characteristics will be environmental sustainability. It will be based on the principles of ecological practices, resource efficiency and green production technology . The goal is to reduce and optimize energy consumption as well as reduce waste, and promote environmentally friendly materials throughout the product life cycle. Renewable energy sources will play a significant role, gradually replacing fossil fuels.

The use of new technical solutions, such as quantum computing, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, etc. will facilitate the design and establishment of production processes. [5, 6]

Just like the “Smart Factory” in the industry, the “Modern Agricultural Entity” according to the concept of Ind. 4.0 should be connected to the areas of supply, distribution, banks, state administration, innovation entities and educational institutions (Figure 2). This interdependence is shown by the so-called ” Triple Helix Model ” which denotes the relationship between universities, agriculture, industry and government . The triple helix model was introduced in the 1990s by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorf in the knowledge society. In this case, economic development lies in the prominent role of universities, agricultural industry and government in creating new institutional and social frameworks for the production, transfer and application of knowledge [5]

No economic activity is isolated from social changes and influences, the overall development of technology, science and education . Innovations, business and economic improvements should be created at universities and in production entities, and with the encouragement of the government, which must have a long-term modern development strategy. There should be a prompt response to changing market demands, cooperation processes, legal and financial changes, as well as the need to educate experts with new knowledge. [8. 9]

Challenges of modernization

With every modernization, two questions are always asked: does it affect the reduction of the workforce and does it require new knowledge and skills. Germany conducted research when introducing the concept of ind. 4.0 and identified ten key technological factors that affect employment in industry and the expertise needed to perform these jobs. The principles have now become universal and can also be used in agriculture. They relate to the impact of the introduced digitalization and informatization, and the automation of all processes in a business entity. An interesting view is that automated machines, or robots, will be rented, and the owner will be responsible for their proper operation and maintenance. These factors will certainly have an impact on the production process and the number of employees in agriculture, as well as their knowledge and skills. They will influence the development of future curricula in order to meet needs. It is expected that 39% of the key skills required by the labor market will change by 2030. Lifelong learning, training, and also retraining according to the needs of the workplace are increasingly required. [15]

7th World Economic Forum on Robotics

The World Economic Forum, in its report on the future of jobs for 2025, announced that 92 million jobs will be lost to robotization . According to the report, 170 million new jobs will be created in this decade, which is about 14% of today’s jobs. This is driven by technological developments, the green transition, and economic and demographic changes. changes. Given the loss of jobs due to robotization, there are 78 million new jobs left. What matters is which jobs are there, in which areas, and what skills and knowledge they require.

The research was conducted by surveying 1,000 of the largest employers worldwide, representing 22 industrial clusters with more than 14 million workers. It is to be expected that part of this is related to the rapid progress of artificial intelligence, for which experts are needed. In addition to big data experts, so-called fintech engineers who combine knowledge of computer science and finance will also be in demand. 15 professions have been identified that will record the highest growth.

The largest employment growth is expected in agriculture . The reason for this is the green transition, efforts to reduce carbon emissions and adapt to increasingly pronounced climate change. 34 million new jobs will be created, adding to the existing 200 million farmers . This will be followed by an increase in the need for delivery drivers, software engineers, construction workers and shop assistants. There will also be a need for more jobs in food processing, catering, and for nurses, social workers and counsellors. These increased needs are also due to the ageing population. [10, 15]

On new technical and technological processes and machines in agriculture

In order to gain insight into the new technical and technological processes and machines in agriculture , only a few will be listed, which will give a small insight into the capabilities of these new robotic devices. Good, accurate and very precise data collection on agricultural areas is important for agriculture. These recordings are made using drones with very precise Canon S100 cameras with appropriate filters. The green colors of the plants in the photos shown are different. Some of them reflect significantly more light in the near – infrared ( NIR ) range due to the spongy layer on the back of the leaf. This is a biological heat sink, because NIR photons are not energetically active enough to start photosynthesis, and would also cause the plant to heat up. In a field image with the DVI (Difference Vegetation Index ) difference vegetation index , high vegetation density is shown in green, low in red, and where there is no vegetation in black. Although it looks homogeneous, the image in different colors indicates heterogeneity. Green indicates corn that is waist-high, while red or yellow indicates corn that is only ankle- or knee-high. Without these images, the farmer would apply the same amount of fertilizer evenly to the entire field. The images allow him to apply a correspondingly larger amount of fertilizer to problem areas, thus ensuring increased yields. [11]

The age of drones and the necessary technological skills in agriculture

Drones used in agriculture inspect fields to determine whether plants are receiving enough moisture, fertilizer, and whether there is damage from various pests. Also, when applying herbicides, the exact amount and timing of treatment are important. 

Drones and special robots can monitor herds of domestic animals released for grazing in the wild, detect sick animals, and protect flocks of poultry from attacks by birds of prey using lasers. Numerous robots are designed to destroy long-standing weeds with laser beams, to pick ripe fruits, to prune vines, and to perform many other long tasks. The AI present recognizes objects and gives the order for action. [12, 13, 14]

Necessary technological skills by 2030 . it will be more important than any other skill or work process. AI and big data processing top the list, but networks and cyber security and technology literacy follow .Creative thinking and resilience, flexibility and agility, along with curiosity and lifelong learning, are essential. Helping workers achieve the right mix of technical and human skills to realize and apply these innovative processes will also be important. [15]

References:

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[2] Nikolić G. (2021): Circular economy requires a different way of thinking and a change in habits , ZG-magazin, People and opinions, available at https://zg-magazin.com.hr/kruzno-gospodarstvo-trazi-drugaciji-nacin-razmisljanja-i-promjenu-navika/ , published on 26.5.2021.

[3] Srića V. (2018): Circular Economy, Problems and Challenges , SmartInfoTrend 210/2018/Q1, pages 36-43, available at http://www.infotrend.hr/UserFiles/file/listanje/210/36/index.html#zoom=z

[4] Nijhuis S., Herrmann I. (2019): The fourth industrial revolution in agriculture , available at https://www.strategy-business.com/article/The-fourth-industrial-revolution-in-agriculture?gko=75733 , published 10.10.2019.

[5] Yadav R., Arora S., Dhull S. (2022): A path way to Industrial Revolution 6.0 , International Journal of Mechanical Engineering ISSN: 0974-5823, available at: https://kalaharijournals.com/resources/161-180/IJME_Vol7.1_178.pdf , published on 1/1/2022.

[6] Almusaed A. , Yitmen I., Almssad A. (2023) : Reviewing and Integrating AEC Practices into Industry 6.0: Strategies for Smart and Sustainable Future-Built Environments , available at https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/18/13464 , published on September 8, 2023.

[7] Duggal AS , Malik PK , Gehlot A. , Singh R. , Gaba GS , Masud M. , Al-Amri FJ (2021) : A sequential roadmap to Industry 6.0: Exploring future manufacturing trends , available at https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12284 , published 10/7/2021

[8] Nikolić G. (2018): Industry 4.0 and the education system , OpenInfoTrend 207/3/2018, 28-36

[9] Diwan P. (2017): Is Education 4.0 an imperative for the success of the 4th Industrial Revolution? available at: https://medium.com/@pdiwan/is-education-4-0-an-imperative-for-success-of-4th-industrial-revolution-50c31451e8a4 , published 5.8.2017.

[10] Future of Jobs Report 2025: Jobs of the Future – and the Skills You Need to Get Them , available at: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/future-of-jobs-report-2025-jobs-of-the-future-and-the-skills-you-need-to-get-them/ , published 8.1.2025.

[11] Gardy E. (2014): The Agribotix Guide to Drones in Agriculture , available at: https://news.sparkfun.com/1537 , published 9.7.2014.

[12] Most popular agricultural drones , available at: https://kas32.com/en/post/view/554?srsltid=AfmBOoq83FDCR27iwpTR24PUTHOowFpjpq4CSIq8bvVrvlgdr4HKGcld , accessed 21.2.2026.

[13] Böni S. (2020): Agriculture 4.0 through Robotics , available at: https://www.maschinenmarkt.ch/landwirtschaft-40-durch-robotik-a-899259/ , published on January 28, 2020.

[14] Ša’aban J.: How drones are helping farmers manage livestock , available at https://www.linkedin.com/posts/yusuf-sha-aban-1442946_agtech-drones-smartfarming-activity-7320763324676145155-oA_N , accessed 18.2.2026.

[15] Till L. (2025): Future of Jobs Report 2025: The jobs of the future – and the skills you need to get them , Word economic forum, available at: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/future-of-jobs-report-2025-jobs-of-the-future-and-the-skills-you-need-to-get-them/ , published 8.1.2025.